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Chronology
Timeline of the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars
This timeline emphasizes some of the major event of the War of 1812 in North America, as well as other significant events worldwide. [Events occurring outside the North American theatre of operations are presented in brackets]
1811
November 11 Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana Territory. William Henry Harrison defeats Native Americans and disperses the Native Confederacy leading to renewed American vs. Natives conflicts.
1812
January 8-12 [British army under Sir Arthur Wellesley lays siege to Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain.]April 6 [Stormin
g of Badajoz, Spain, by British army.]
May [Napoleon begins his invasion of Russia.
]
June 16 Great Britain repeals her Orders in Council, objected to by the United States because it they interfered with American trade.
June 18 United States declares was on Great Britain.
July 5 Northwest Army under General William Hull reaches Detroit.
July 17 Fort Mackinac, Michigan Territory, falls to the British. General William Hull, commander of Detroit, fears an “invasion” of the upper lakes tribes
.
July 22 [Battle of Salamanca, Spain.]
August 9-29 General Henry Dearborn agrees to an armistice with the British on the Niagara and St. Lawrence frontiers.
August 15 Fort Dearborn, Illinois Territory, [present day Chicago] captured by the Indians.
August 16 General William Hull surrenders Detroit to the British. British gain control of entire Michigan Territory.
August 19 U.S.S. Constitution defeats H.M.S. Guerriere.
September 6-12 Fort Wayne, Indiana Territory, besieged by Indians and relieved by forces under General William Henry Harrison.
Oct. - Dec. [Napoleon retreats his Grande Armee from Moscow.]
October 4 Construction begins on Fort Winchester, Ohio, near the ruins of Fort Defiance.
October 13 Battle of Queenston Heights, Upper Canada. General Isaac Brock is killed, but Americans lose the battle and fail in 2nd attempt to invade Canada.
October 18 U.S.S. Wasp defeats H.M.S. Frolic.
October 25 U.S.S. United States defeats H.M.S. Macedonia.
November 25 Battle of Mississinewa, Indiana Territory. Americans win battle and burn Native American villages forcing Natives to flee to Fort Amherstsburg, Ontario. Burdens British supply system
.
December 29 U.S.S. Constitution defeats H.M.S. Java.
1813
January 18-22 Battle of the River Raisin, Frenchtown, Michigan Territory. American army under General James Winchester is defeated and captured.
February 2 Construction of Fort Meigs begins under the supervision of engineers Charles Gratiot and Eleazar D. Wood.
February 22 Ogdensburg, New York taken by the British.
February 24 U.S.S. Hornet takes H.M.S. Peacock.
April 27 York, Upper Canada, captured by an American force under General Zebulon Pike. Public buildings burnt, but Pike is killed when the British blow up the powder magazine. Americans burn York.
April 28-May 9 First Siege of Fort Meigs. Americans retain possession of fort and British retreat.
May 27 Fort George, Upper Canada, captured by the Americans.
May 28 American victory at Sackett’s Harbor, New York.
June 6 Battle of Stoney Creek, Upper Canada. Tactical draw.
June 21 [Battle of Vitoria, Spain.]
July 21-28 Second Siege of Fort Meigs
August 1-2 Failed British attack on Fort Stephenson, Lower Sandusky, Ohio.
September 10 Battle of Lake Erie. Americans gain control of Lake Erie.
September 29 Northwest Army under General Harrison retakes Detroit.
October 5 Battle of the Thames, Upper Canada. British forces defeated. Tecumseh is killed, shattering Indian Confederacy allied with Great Britain.
October 16-19 [Battle of Leipzig, German States.]
November 9 American victory over Creek Indians by General Andrew Jackson at Talladega, Alabama.
November 11 Battle of Chrysler’s Farm, Upper Canada.
December 19 British capture Fort Niagara, New York.
1814
March 4 Battle of Longwoods, Upper Canada. American raiding party repulses British attack and British withdraw. American forces withdraw shortly after and return to Detroit.
March 27 General Jackson defeats Indians at Horseshoe Bend, Alabama.
April 6 [Napoleon abdicates.]
April 26 [Napoleon exiled to Elba Island.]
May 5-6 British capture Oswego, New York.
July 2-3 Americans capture Fort Erie, Upper Canada.
July 5 Battle of Chippewa, Upper Canada.
July 20 Prairie du Chein, Illinois Territory, captured by the British.
July 25 Battle of Lundy’s Lane, Upper Canada.
July 26-27 Americans fail to retake Fort Mackinac, Michigan Territory.
August 14 British fail to retake Fort Erie, Upper Canada.
August 19 British troops land at Benedict, Maryland and advance towards Washington DC, while the Royal Navy sails up the Potomac River.
August 24 Battle of Bladensburg, Maryland. British rout Americans, take and burn public buildings in Washington, DC.
September 6-11 Battle of Plattsburg, New York.
September 12-13 British attack on Baltimore and Fort McHenry. Francis Scott Key writes The Star Spangled Banner.
September 17 British repulsed a second time at Fort Erie, Upper Canada. Col. Eleazar Wood, U.S. Engineers killed.
October 9 Treaty of Fort Jackson ends Creek War in the South.
Oct. – Nov. McArthur’s Raid. U.S. forces leave Detroit on a 150 mile raid into Upper Canada.
November 7 British surrender Pensacola, Florida to Americans.
December 1 General Jackson arrives at New Orleans, Louisiana.
December 13 General Sir Edward Pakenham land near Lake Borgne, Louisiana.
December 24 Treat of Ghent signed. Ends the War of 1812 (once approved by Parliament and the U.S. Congress).
1815
January 8-9 Battle of New Orleans, Louisiana.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_War_of_1812_battles
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July 16, 1812
War on land and at sea-The Constitution
Today, news of the war reaches Thunder Bay, Ontario. A force of about 280 troops under the command of Col. Louis Cass (part of Brig. Gen's William Hull's army) attack the British command stationed just south of Fort Malden on the Canard River in Ontario. The British force, which consists of the 41st Regiment, Indians, and Canadian militia, have established an outpost at a nearby bridge, which the Americans assault. After a brief stand, the outnumbered British will fall back towards the fort.
At sea, a British squadron captures the U.S. brig, Nautilus, in the North Atlantic. Elsewhere in the Atlantic aboard Constitution (pictured), at 2 p.m. her lookout sights four unknown sails. In pursuit by 4 p.m. Constitution, sees a ship standing towards it and possibly others near shore. Thinking them possibly Commodore Rogers' squadron, Constitution stands toward the easternmost sail at 6:15 p.m. At 7:30 p.m. Captain Isaac Hull gives the order for the ship to beat to quarters. After approaching within six or eight miles of the ships and not receiving a response to the private signal, Hull at 11:15 p.m. determines that the strange sails belong to the enemy. However, he decides to avoid action until daylight in order to spare his untrained crew from the confusion of a nighttime engagement, and turns away into the Atlantic.
July 17, Morning dawns for Constitution and its crew
In the Atlantic aboard Constitution, no wind at sunrise on this morning; becalmed, the ship is rendered unmanageable. With daylight, Captain Isaac Hull determines that his ship is being pursued by a ship-of-the-line, three frigates (including the Guerriere), a brig, and a schooner flying English colors 6-10 miles away. Desperately pursuing all means of escape, Hull ordered his crew to pump water overboard ito lighten the ship, and to wet the sails, which closes the texture of the canvas, thus eking out every small advantage of breeze possible. Constitution's reputation as a poor sailer convinces some of the crew that the situation is hopeless. Keeping out of firing range to prevent being overtaken, Hull, encouraged by Lieutenant Charles Morris, resorts to kedging his ship. Seamen row a longboat containing a small anchor out the distance of a cable, drop it, and the crew aboard ship manually haul in the ship with the capstan. Hull has little choice but to risk this maneuver or chance being trapped against the coast. The Americans begin kedging at 7:00 a.m. and the British follow suit once they find themselves becalmed as well. Having more men and boats, the British concentrate on towing those ships closest to Constitution and thus hold a decided advantage in closing within firing range. Besides lowering two cutters to tow the ship, Constitution's crew hoists a 24-pounder from the gun deck to the spar deck and position it at the taffrail along with an 18-pounder to serve as stern chasers. An additional two 24-pounders are pointed out the captain's cabin windows, also to act as stern chasers. At 9:00 a.m., HMS Belvidera fires its bow guns and Guerriere delivers a broadside. The shots fall short, whereas the shot from Constitution's stern chasers is thought to strike Belvidera. All continue kedging but neither side gains ground. To lighten the ship, Hull pumps over 2,300 gallons of drinking water overboard. To improve their chances of overtaking Constitution, the British decide to put all their efforts in kedging one frigate, HMS Shannon. Throughout the day on the 17th, Constitution's crew members alternate between towing and resting; the crew's exertions prolong the Constitution's survival throughout the day and into the night.
Elsewhere: July 17, 1812
British attack, seize Michigan fort
Charles Roberts arrives at the American outpost Fort Mackinac, in Michigan, at 3:00 a.m., with 600 British, Canadians and Indian allies from Fort St. Joseph in Ontario. A local fur-trader quietly awakens the townspeople near the fort – who, because of the fort's remote location are unaware of the outbreak of war – and moves them to an old distillery for their protection. American Lt. Porter Hanks, outnumbered, facing two 6-pounder field guns, and fearful that the American Indians would slaughter everyone in the fort, wisely surrenders without a fight. The British will hold the fort for the next two years, until an American attempt to retake it.
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